The Societal Regulation of Identity A Comparison of Lahiri and Soto - Literature Essay Samples

Jhumpa Lahiri and Christopher Soto, in their respective pieces â€Å"Hell-Heaven† and â€Å"Winter Sundays†, discuss the restrictions on cultural expression for minority groups. The claim of both authors is that there is a unique cultural identity for each person, and that society has always tried to illegitimately regulate it. Lahiri and Soto both use the disparity of cultural toleration between generations in order to explore the suppression through forced conformity of individual identity by traditional figures of authority. Both authors’ respective characters embrace open sexuality, in terms of orientation as well as promiscuity, triggering violent backlash and exposing society’s rejection of anything outside the cultural norms. In the story â€Å"Hell-Heaven,† the mother, Boudi, refuses to accept change. For instance, when the family moves to Natick, they continue to live in the house as if they were tenants, closing the blinds in the afternoon and never repainting the walls. Thus, she is symbolically rejecting American culture as radically different from her Bengali upbringing by refusing to let the sun into her house. And since she is a housewife, who controls and stays within the domestic sphere, she is rejecting all things American from her family and her life. When the narrator, Usha, enters her teenage years and is exposed to the relatively uninhibited American culture of sexuality, Boudi tries to impose her beliefs on her. Usha recalls, â€Å"My mother must have picked up on something, for she forbade me to attend the dances that were held the last Friday of every month in the cafeteria, and it was an unspoken law that I was not allowed to date. â€Å"Don’t think you’ll get awa y with marrying an American, the way Pranab Kaku did,† she would say . . . and I felt her grip on me tighten.† Boudi describes marrying an American as â€Å"get[ting] away† with something, as if it were a terrible sin. To prevent this, she establishes a â€Å"grip† on Usha, seeking absolute control over her activities. Different societies reject different forms of sexual expression. The hormonal tensions of mixed gender activities during middle and high school are anathema to the restrictive Bengali culture, while any form of homosexual activity is vilified by American culture, as seen in Soto’s poem â€Å"Winter Sundays.† The speaker in this poem is gay as well as a crossdresser, and his father is resistant to the rising cultural movement for their acceptance. The speaker describes, â€Å"My father hated faggots. The way my cock looked beneath a dress. The mismatch of his chafed knuckles and my cut cuticles. A scrambling of hands. I was always running. Mascara. Massacre. My momma would wash the red paint off my nails and face. She’d hold me like the frame of a house. No, the bars of a prison cell.† The comparison of the house to a prison cell reveals that the speaker, and the greater homosexual community, are trapped within their own homes by their own families, unable to openly express themselves. The mother holds the bars of the pr ison cell symbolically, unable to get in and truly understand her son. In order to smoke, the speaker is forced to make a pipe out of plastic bottles and tinfoil in the park in the middle of the night, just as the gay community is forced to hide their identity and suppress their sexual urges. Homosexuals in this poem are delegitimized by their depiction as societal anomalies. Men supposedly do not have â€Å"nails . . . [to] paint†, so when the speaker describes his red nail polish, they seemingly appear out of thin air, categorizing gays as abnormalities that necessitate elimination. The author is criticizing this sentiment, instead arguing that there is a deep discontent and genetic foundation for these openly homosexual people, and that they are justified in their sexual identification. The line â€Å"Mascara. Massacre.† is reminiscent of the 1969 Stonewall Riots, an embodiment of the widespread anti-gay violence of the era. Similarly, the speaker’s father is trying to physically beat the homosexuality out of him. Lahiris and Soto’s bildungsroman narratives reveal that the characters in both works are pigeonholed from birth into a certain cultural identity and societal role by the preceding generations, whether it be national identification, religious affiliation, or familial relationships. In â€Å"Winter Sundays,† the speaker reflects on his friend Rory’s death, â€Å"But that can’t be the Truth . . . I’ll be the packing mule, carry all the burden. you, you can be a child again; fold your church hands like dirty laundry [crease them tight]. Nobody has to know about us, not my father nor yours—No, not even God.† The etymology of the word â€Å"truth† means a pledge or covenant. The speaker feels that as a gay man, and thus part of an ostracized and oppressed group, his covenant of acceptance with God, covenant of love with his father, and his covenant of protection with society have been broken. The clasped â€Å"church hands† ar e enclosing the â€Å"dirty† truth of homosexuality existing in society’s midst. The use of a dash in the last line equates the speaker’s father with God, the spiritual father of all, thus extending the message of exclusion and persecution to the entire gay community. The speaker compares his new role to a â€Å"mule†; just as a mule is a courier for illegal drugs, he is assuming the responsibility after Rory’s death for carrying the illicit message of open homosexuality. The etymology of the slur â€Å"faggot† means a bundle of sticks, or something awkward that must be carried. The speaker is pledging to be the beast of burden, bearing the responsibility for absorbing the insults and harassment. The use of ampersands in this poem implies a closer relationship between the adjoining phrases than the word â€Å"and†. In the third stanza, as seen through the hammer and nail analogy, the ampersand reveals that the father’s violence towards his son is an attempt to stamp out his homosexuality, just like the Japanese proverb. The author seeks to legitimize the claim that there is a distinct and equally acceptable cultural identity for each person. Similarly, in â€Å"Hell-Heaven,† the narrator describes the conflict between her Bengali roots and American upbringing, â€Å"Mother and I had furthermore made peace; she had acknowledged the detail that I was not only her female child, but a progeny of America as well.† The story recounts Usha’s crisis of identity as she matures, rebelling against the idealized version of what her parents want her to be. Just as â€Å"Hell-Heaven† are two opposites separated by a hyphen, so is the concept of a Bengali-American, according to Boudi. The hyphen is a symbol of the divide between the immigrants and their children, as well as from mainstream American culture. The title of the story derives from Pranab Kaku’s sudden transformation from a helpless Bengali immigrant to an Americanized, married man, as drastic as the contrast between heaven and hell. In Boudi’s eyes, America corrupts people like Pranab Kaku, letting them deviate from their Bengali id entity. Later, Usha develops a crush on an American college student, Matty, much to her mother’s consternation. His green eyes symbolize the idea of the American identity; green is the color of money, which enables the American Dream, as well as the green card that many immigrants aspire to, which can be obtained through intermarriage with an American citizen. In the third stanza of â€Å"Winter Sundays,† the speaker remembers how when his father came home, â€Å"he’d grab me†. In most families, this would be a handshake or a hug. Yet the use of the ampersand shows it to be domestic abuse, revealing this violence to constitute a twisted form of love. â€Å"Winter Sundays† is written is dialogue with the classic Robert Hayden poem â€Å"Those Winter Sundays,† which discusses the remoteness of paternal love. The cold temperature outside represents the emotionally cold relationship between father and son in both poems. â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† ends with the lines, â€Å"What did I know, what did I know / of love’s austere and lonely offices?† An office can refer to a position or post, and thus an obligation, showing love to be more than hugs and kisses, but duty and responsibility as well. And just as it is only realized that the poem is a quasi-sonnet at the very end, with every other line in iambic pentameter, it is only as the son becomes more like the father as he matures that the son can recognize those actions as love. Thus, by only accepting sons that are similar to themselves, the fathers in both poems are suppressing their growth of individual identity.

Capitalism And The American Worker - 1331 Words

Throughout the 19th and 20th century capitalism was on a rise and many writers had different perspectives on the positives and negatives of capitalism and how it shaped America. Thomas DiLorenzo who wrote How Capitalism Enriched the Working Class, focused on how the world became better because of capitalism. Melvyn Dubofsky’s Industrialism and the American Worker, focused on how the lives of working people were deteriorated because of the development of labor and what conditions these people faced. Douglas Blackmon’s Slavery by Another Name, provided evidence that slavery did not end along with the Civil War and that African-Americans continued to be enslaved and exploited under the system. DiLorenzo agrees that capitalism helped improve wages and workers in America, but Blackmon and Dubofksy show evidence of other arguments that prove to us that capitalism was not a positive impact. In the era when capitalism was booming workers faced very harsh working conditions and little job security. The workers were the very last ones to benefit from their own work, â€Å"the products of capitalism invariably benefit[ed] the ‘wealthy’ first†(DiLorenzo, pg.96). Workers worked long hours sometimes even a 24 hour shift and maybe got a day off every two weeks, with a typical work week of 50-54 hours, where today it is only 40 hours. Due to this era being big on industrialism that meant machines were constantly replacing workers, that is â€Å"new machine techniques replacing old human skillsShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx and Capitalism Essay880 Words   |  4 Pages developed his critique of capitalism by analyzing its characteristics and its development throughout history. The critique contains Marx’s most developed economic analysis and philosophical insight. 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Todays Mafia Essays - 1186 Words

Todays Mafia Although many arrests have been made, organized crime and the Mafia are still very active. Organized crime and its families, particularly the Italian mafia, have increased their illegal activities significantly over the past few decades. The Mafia and organized crime go hand and hand, one cannot be spoken without the other. Both of these forms of criminal actions have been recognized since the late 1800s, and police say it is not disappearing too fast.(Widener 6) Migration from Italy, has brought over many Italian criminals and crime tactics. The Italian Mafia has always been based on the island of Sicily and the southern mainland provinces of Calabria and Campania. (Worsnop 273) Traffic in drugs, chiefly†¦show more content†¦This family has over 500 members and are located throughout the nation. Although indicted this family is still managed by John Gotti. Most of the focus of this family is on contracted killings, gambling, narcotics, and extortion. The focus of this family is nationwide.(E1) The Bannanno and the Luchesse families do not play as an important role in the organized crime melting pot as the Colombo and Gambino families do. (Worsnop 279) Both families combined for about 200 members. The main focus of criminal activity between the families are counterfeiting and pornography. This mostly spreads throughout most of the southwestern portion of the U.S. (Inman E2) Although New York seems to be the place where most Mafia action occurs, many other areas are influenced by the Mafia. Many people think that the Mafia only exists in New York. Astonishing enough New York is ranked nineteen out of twenty-five on the list of most active organized crime cities. Cities like San Jose, Kansas City, Milwaukee, and Rockford, Ill., rank within the top ten. (Trimble 30) Some major crimes committed in the smaller cities are credit-card fraud, hijacking, prostitution, and drugs. 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Understand of Gemmas Problem and the Way to Deal †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Understand of Gemmas Problem and the Way to Deal. Answer: Introduction This paper outlines and clearly explains the intervention plan to be used to help out Gemma with her alcoholism problem. The paper is a systematic explanation of the steps and actions to be taken in order to understand Gemmas problem and the way to deal with each and every problem. The intervention plan is prepared based on the research conducted in assessment task one. The treatment plan begins with analyzing the state of mind of the patient. The treatment plan is a combination of psychological therapy and medical treatment. This is followed by an outline of an outstanding harm reduction plan to gradually help Gemma overcome the struggles she is undergoing. The demonstration of relapse prevention methods will be used to help the patient. Relapse prevention techniques are the actions and procedures that will be undertaken to ensure that the patient does not fall back to the addiction behavior. Gemma will be encouraged to acquire new friends and keep herself busy with other stuff in order to prevent her from going back to the drinking habit. The ethical issues such as maintaining a professional relationship with the patient are discussed at length. The legal issues that are important in the practice such as ensuring that the treatment does not put the life of th e patient in danger and the rights of the patient are not violated. Social cultural issues arising as a result of alcoholism are also discussed in detail. Assessment of Gemma`s readiness for change From the analysis of the previous assessment, it is quite clear that the various causes of alcoholism for Gemma have been determined and clearly outlined. The preparation of the treatment plan is made using the first assessment as the guide. The first step in the treatment plan is determining the extent to which Gemma is prepared for change. It is important to convince Gemma of the importance of solving the alcoholism condition that she is facing and be determined to get professional help. This will be done by asking Gemma questions such as: Do you think that you alcoholism is affecting your life negatively? Do you believe you can get help with the alcoholism problem and do you believe you can completely kick away the drinking habit? The answers from these questions will help in identifying the approach to be used to assist Gemma. If Gemma is not ready for treatment we need to conduct therapy sections to help convince the patient on the significance of this exercise. Gathering of an intervention team An intervention team is important in planning and helping to implement the treatment plan. The intervention team for Gemma will be composed of the following people: Gemma who is the patient,her father and her mother as well as other family members willing to participate. The team will also be composed of Gemmas` close friends. 3 reformed addicts will also be recruited in order to give speeches to Gemma and demonstrate the effects of alcoholism and show her how they were able to overcome addiction. Each member of the team will speak during the sections in order to give their personal experiences with alcoholism. Objective of the intervention The objective of this intervention plan is to help Gemma abstain from using alcohol completely. This will be a process the objective is expected to be achieved within 6 months. Role of family members in the treatment process It is also crucially important to involve family members in this process. Close family members such as her father, mother, or brothers will be involved in designing a treatment plan since they are important part of the students life. The family members will be informed of the importance of the treatment process. The family members will be informed of the role they are expected to perform in helping Gemma. The first and most important step is ensuring that Gemma`s father deals with his alcohol problem so as to reduce the stress that Gemma is experiencing due to his fathers` drinking problem. Since this was determined as one of the core influences of Gemmas` drinking problem, it is important to ensure that her fathers drinking habits do not affect her directly. This will be easily solved by helping her father to stop drinking. Her father will be informed on how the drinking habits have negatively influenced her daughter and therefore it is crucial that he stops the habit. Two sections will be organized every week to counsel the father on matters to do with alcoholism and this will have a major positive impact on Gemma. The family members will also be advised on how they should interact with Gemma and the things they will do to help her reform quickly. By adapting to this, the drinking problem as a result of trauma from family members will be reduced. Behavioral treatment for Gemma Behavioral treatment is a method used to treat alcoholism among addicts. This is done by influencing the behavior of individual to shape them according to a particular direction (Bhatia,Petty Gabel, 2017). Counseling sections will be organized every week to convince Gemma on the importance of behavior change. Gemma will be introduced to new mentors who will share with her in order to influence positive behavior change. The hobbies of Gemma and her occupation will be considered when choosing the people to act as mentors for Gemma (Fisher Roget, 2009.This method will work since Gemma will tend to observe the actions and behavior of her mentors and she will adopt the positive aspects with time. Mutual support groups Mutual support groups are groups of people with a shared objective who meet regularly to offer one another support in order to overcome the problem at hand(First Tasman,2011). This is important since it will offer Gemma firsthand experience with people who have gone through the treatment process and were alcoholics before. Two groups will be identified where Gemma can spend at least three hours in a week. Gemma will be able to identify the problems that the alcoholics have undergone and why it is crucial for her to get treatment. Solving the problem in regard to peer pressure influencing Gemmas alcoholism From the findings of the assessment, it is evident that peer pressure is a major force influencing Gemma to excessive habitual drinking. It is therefore important to address this issue in the treatment plan. Peer pressure results from Gemma having a large number of friends who are into drinking. It is very difficult to quit drinking if the people one spends most of their time with are into the habit (Saunders Rey, 2011). The friends and other people around Gemma such as her classmates may have influenced the girl into drinking. Her classmates bullied her about issues such as her family background and these issues took a toll on Gemma. With time, Gemma resulted to drinking as a solution to help her momentarily forget the problems she was facing at home. In this context therefore, Gemma will need to avoid bad company. This will be achieved by her dumping her old friends who had a bad influence on her (Jergensen, Pedersen Tennesen,2011) This will be difficult but is achievable with tim e. Gemma will be advised on the importance of choosing good friends and she will be exposed to an environment where she can make new friends. How to deal with pressure emanating from her studies Gemma is also seen to have a lot of pressure to perform in class. The over anxiety has led to stress on the patient and this was part of the reason why she started drinking.Gemma is seen to have issues in clearing her home work and even concentrating in class. The student counsel and the schools` counseling professionals will be crucial in helping to deal with this problem. They will be made aware of Gemma`s problem and they will play a role in helping the student. the members of the students body will hold talks with Gemma to advise her on how they manage their studies. Medical intervention for Gemma Medication is very important in helping treat alcoholism. They are very effective when used together with psychosocial modalities. They work by helping to reduce the patients desire to drink. Medicines such as Antabuse, Naltrexone and campral (Institute of Medicine U.S. (2012). This together with psychological and behavioral change techniques will be important in treating Gemma. Relapse prevention plan This process involves a series of stages which need to be followed to the letter. It is important to have a relapse prevention plan in order to ensure that Gemma does not slide back to her drinking habits. The following are the stages of relapse and the techniques of preventing each one of them. Emotional relapse: this is where the motions and behavior of an individual may influence them to start drinking again. They include anxiety, mood swings and anger (Acton, 2012). It is important for the patient to realize they are in emotional relapse so that they can change behavior. This can also be prevented by making sure that Gemma is surrounded by people who make her happy and help her avoid stress. Mental relapse is the next stage of relapse. This will be prevented by advising Gemma to always keep herself occupied and find hobbies that will fulfill the satisfaction they felt after drinking (Edmond, Aletraris,Paino Roman, 2015). Gemma should also have very close friends who will keep reminding her of the dangers of drinking again. Physical relapse is the last stage of relapse and is difficult to stop at this point. At this stage, the patient finds themselves in the liquor stores or back to the friends who influenced the drinking habit in the first place (Ensey,2014) Social/cultural effects of alcoholism Alcoholism has very many social cultural effects. One of the effects of alcoholism is that it results to breakup of families. Families break up in cases where either parents are drinking or even the children are drinking. It brings about dis-agreements which bring about fighting and eventually marriages may break up (Bhatia, Petty Gabel, 2017). Alcoholism has an effect on the morals of the patient. The bad morals resulting from alcoholism may influence children and they may adopt this negative behavior over time. In addition to this, alcoholism has brought about many cases of sexual assault especially among young college students. The victim may end up in hospital and the other person ends up in jail. Alcoholism also affects the family members psychologically and hence affecting their social life`s. Ethical and legal issues in the practice There are a variety of legal and ethical issues related to the treatment and prevention of substance abuse. These issues include: Confidentiality; Studies carried out in the past indicate that lack of confidentiality discourages individuals from seeking treatment for alcohol disorder. This resulted to the formulation of an act to protect confidentiality of a client. Duty of care: The practitioner or the doctor has a duty of care towards the patient. The doctor is expected to take all the necessary actions in the interest of helping the client. Alcohol treatment programs have policies that guide against continuing to work with patient who have continually experienced relapse (Riley, 2011). Another important ethical issue in this profession is that ethical psychologists should have supporting data for factual statements made. This is aimed at improving patients access to information. Another ethical issue in this profession is that of respect for differences in culture and world views. This provides that professionals in this field should respect the cultural values and practices of their clients while taking them through treatment. Clients self determination is also very important in this context (Fisher Roget, 2009). Conclusion The treatment plan has provided a clear and concise path to be followed for successful treatment of Gemma. The plan begins with understanding of Gemmas views and attitude towards the treatment she is about to undergo. The plan also identifies the people to be involved in the treatment plan of Gemma. The role of family members in treatment of Gemma is identified. Each of the issues identified in the previous assessment are addressed in detail with a solution for each of identified issues. Medication for Gemma is prescribed and the behavioral change plan is also outlined. The final parts of the report are an evaluation of the social cultural effects of alcoholism as well as the ethical and legal issues in the practice of treating alcoholism. References Bhatia, S. C., Petty, F., Gabel, T. (2017). Substance and Non Substance Related Addiction Disorders. Sharjah: Bentham Science Publishers. Cain, G. E. (2015). Factors that influence treatment utilization for alcohol use disorders among African Americans. Ensey, A. G., ProQuest Dissertations and Theses (Electronic resource collection), University of Texas at Arlington. (2014). PTSD, alcohol use disorder, and treatment: A review. Edmond, M., Aletraris, L., Paino, M., Roman, P. (2015). Treatment strategy profiles in substance use disorder treatment programs: A latent class analysis. Drug And Alcohol Dependence, 153, 109-115. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.047 First, M. B., Tasman, A. (2011). Clinical Guide to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental Disorders. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Fisher, G. L., Roget, N. A. (2009). Encyclopedia of substance abuse prevention, treatment, recovery. Los Angeles: SAGE. In Acton, Q. A. (2012). Alcohol-related disorders: Advances in research and treatment : scholarly paper. Institute of Medicine (U.S.). (2012). Treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in military and veteran populations: Initial assessment. J?rgensen, C., Pedersen, B., T?nnesen, H. (2011). The Efficacy of Disulfiram for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical And Experimental Research, 35(10), 1749-1758. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01523.x Lee, K. (2012). Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder. Journal Of Korean Diabetes, 13(2), 85. https://dx.doi.org/10.4093/jkd.2012.13.2.85 Mason, B. (2017). A human laboratory study of mifepristone as a novel treatment for alcohol use disorder. Alcohol, 60, 224. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.02.274 National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (Great Britain), National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Great Britain). (2011). Alcohol-use disorders: Diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence. London: British Psychological Society/Royal College of Psychiatrists. Saunders, J., Rey, J. (2011). Young People and Alcohol: Impact, Policy, Prevention, Treatment. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Riley, E. (2011). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. [Weinheim]: Wiley-Blackwell

Jewish History Essays - Zionism, Land Of Israel, Aliyah,

Jewish History The Jews are a people with a multitude of dilemmas. From the Israelite tribes to the prosperous modern day Israel , bigotry towards the Jews has been greatly evident. The Jewish race has acted as Escape Goat for many crisis throughout history including the black plaque which swept across Europe in the 14th century. The establishment of Israel was a great incident was something the Jewish people were striving to obtain for generations. This, however, led to four major conflicts between Israel and the Arab countries. One of the most meaningful wars was the Six-Day War. Events such as the holocaust have also had a dramatic effect on world history and whose mysteries are still being unravelled. For twelve years following 1933 the Jews were persecuted by the Nazi's. Jewish businesses were boycotted and vandalized. By 1939,Jews were no longer citizens,could not attend public schools,engage in practically any business or profession, own any land, associate with any non-Jew or visit public places such as parks and museums. The victories of the German armies in the early years of World War II brought the majority of European Jewry under the Nazis. The Jews were deprived of human rights. The Jewish people were forced to live in Ghetto's which were separated from the main city. Hitler's plan of genocide was carried out with efficiency. The total number of Jews exterminated has been calculated at around 5,750,000. In Warsaw ,where approximately 400,000 Jews had once been concentrated,was reduced to a population of 60,000. They,virtually unarmed, resisted the German deportation order and had held back the regular German troops equipped with flame throwers,armoured cards, and tanks for nearly a month. This heroism was similar to the revolt which took place around 165BC. This uprising was led by the Maccabees, a provincial priestly family (also called Hasmoneans). They recaptured the Temple and rededicated it to the God of Israel. The Maccabees made there last stand on a mountain and was able to hold back the syrians for more then a month. There is a distinct similarity between the two stories and that is possibly why they are both recognised as holidays in the Jewish faith. These horrific events of the holocaust have let to some consequences which are beneficial and some are unfortunate to the Jewish people. The population of the followers has greatly declined. Also the Jewish people after the war still had problems finding jobs. They had to essentially start there life over. Most of them lost a close relative or at least knew someone who died in the gas chambers of the Nazi concentration camps. This has put a psychological strain on Jewish survivors or no longer having family and friends with them for support. This event has awaken the world up to the needs of the Jewish people. It has given them political power and a justification for some of their actions. On May recognised,1945 ,the end of World War II was seen. Organized Jewry in the European continent was damaged beyond repair. The Jews concentrated on the preservation of Israel and on the bringing of Nazi war criminals to trial. There is a day of commemoration, Holocaust Day, observed in Israel and elsewhere on Nisan (April) 19 and 20. The date is considered the anniversary of the beginning of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The emergence of Israel as a Jewish state on the former territory of Palestine was the central political issue of the Middle East after World War II. A movement was established to work on the reestablishment of the Jewish national state of Israel. This movement was given the name Zionism. The Zionists were full of energy,enthusiasm, and skill which led to remarkable accomplishments. Israel was a modern European state in an underdeveloped area. This was the source of there problems and their achievements. The Jews received vast amounts of financial and military support from Western governments. The Israelis also benefitted from a highly trained and motivated citizenry to create a unique nation-state. It had taken the Zionists seventy years to purchase 7 per cent of Palestine. Now the UN was offering them another 50 per cent. The partition plan was objected by all of that Arab and Palestinian Arab governments. The Zionists excepted the plan. They however were upset that Jerusalem was excluded from the Jewish state. The Jews were the most fertile land including the citrus groves upon which the Arabs depended on for their living. Many of the nations of the world felt guilt or grief of the Hitler era. This is what is believed to have

Diana Ross Essays - Spanish West Indies, Americas, 2nd Millennium

Diana Ross Essays - Spanish West Indies, Americas, 2nd Millennium Diana Ross Columbus Columbus. Christopher Columbus of Spain went to the king and queen to ask authorization for an expedition. He wanted to venture to the India. The New World, he believed, could be found by sailing west across the ocean. No one had ever sailed west before. The reason no one had done this before was because everyone believed that the world was flat. Columbus, on the other hand, believed that it was round. The movie 1492: Conquest of Paradise brings out the handout Privileges and Prerogatives Granted to Christopher Columbus. According to the handout, Columbus was to have complete control over whatever land he discovered. After his death, his heirs would inherit the land and take over control. Spain wanted to ensure that they would have power over whatever he discovered, and this was the way to do it. This was so in the movie as well. Columbus was to take gold back to Spain and to spread the word of God in the discovered land. In August of 1492, Columbus and his adventurers set out to fin d the New World with three ships, the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria. They reached their destination in October of 1492. The island that they found was full of native people dressed in loincloths and caring speared sticks. They were very friendly for the time Columbus and his crew were there. The island was great, but what Columbus really wanted was to find the mainland of India. At any rate, they stayed for a while and when a man got sick, Columbus headed home. He took with him some gold from the New World. After a short stay in his homeland, Columbus returned to the New World. Upon reaching the island again, Columbus found something awful. The crew that he had left behind was dead. Columbus did not want to take revenge, but some of the crew did. He managed to hold them off for a while. The explorers built up the land on the island, adding a ringing bell and some buildings. Soon a battle broke out over the deaths of the crew left behind from the first voyage. Spain took contro l of the island away from Columbus. Of course, he was very upset because he had worked his whole life for this opportunity. Spain had broken their agreement with Columbus. They promised him all sorts of titles and the same for his heirs. He was supposed to become a Don and he was supposed to be able to choose whomever he wanted to run the island. When he chose his brothers, Spain had a problem with his decision. He discovered this New World and got no reward for it. In the movie, it did not seem like a waste for him because his memory of what happened and telling the story to his family reminded him of a happy time in his life. Sure, it would have been great to get what was promised to him by Spain, but the experience of it all was enough for him. Bibliography microsoft encarta Internet misc

Cognitive Dissonance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cognitive Dissonance - Assignment Example As opposed to an efficacy test, the article conducts an effectiveness test within a real world context. Procedures pertaining to the research will all be done in an ecologically valid environment free from laboratory control. In order to objectively test the underlying hypothesis, researchers conducted a scientific research exercise. This essay involves an evaluation on the research article, and includes appraising both the dependent and independent variables adopted during the process. In addition, a thorough critique on results and findings will serve the purpose of unearthing strengths and weaknesses contained within the article. Finally, suggestion for future research will provide directions for improved versions of the prevention program in subject. Dependent versus Independent Variables Since it is a scientific research article, both dependent and independent variables are contained within the underlying hypothesis. The hypothesis claims that dissonance-inducing habits causes a n improvement in teenagers’ eating patterns and reduces dissatisfaction towards their body images. In this context, the independent variables include; i. Dissonance-inducing habits ii. Psycho educational Brochure control condition On the contrary, dependent variables, commonly referred to as the outcome variables includes; i. Improvement in eating disorder risk factors like dieting ii. Status of eating disorder symptoms iii. Risk for onset of sub threshold and threshold conditions like anorexia nervosa iv. Degree of escalation in individuals’ body mass v. Depressive symptoms Dissonance-inducing practices are independent variables because they are manipulated by researchers in order to elicit the desired outcome from participants. According to Stice, Paul, Jeff and Heather (2009), changing the intensity of dissonance-inducing practices will cause a corresponding change in the desired effects of improved eating habits. On the other hand, status of eating disorder symptom s and the other listed variables fall under the dependent category. There variables are tested for cause-effect relationship whereby independent variables are the cause while the dependent variables are expected outcomes. ANOVA Results Significant Results Within the findings section, researchers conducted analysis of variance test in an effort to ascertain difference between the dissonance-induced practices and psycho educational brochure conditions. After the analysis, certain findings were found to indicate significant difference between the two conditions, while other results indicated little or insignificant difference. Among the ANOVA results found to being significant include; i. Thin-ideal internalization